All::Cardiovascular System::Diseases::Syncope

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Define syncope.

Transient loss of consciousness due to global cerebral hypoperfusion.

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What are the types of reflex syncope?

Vasovagal, situational, carotid sinus syncope.

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What are examples of triggers for vasovagal syncope?

Emotion, pain, stress.

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What are examples of triggers for situational syncope?

Cough, micturition, gastrointestinal events.

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What are examples of primary autonomic failure causing orthostatic syncope?

Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia.

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What are examples of secondary autonomic failure causing orthostatic syncope?

Diabetic neuropathy, amyloidosis, uraemia.

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What are examples of drugs that can induce orthostatic syncope?

Diuretics, alcohol, vasodilators.

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What are examples of conditions causing volume depletion leading to orthostatic syncope?

Haemorrhage, diarrhoea.

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What are the cardiac causes of syncope?

Arrhythmias, structural issues, pulmonary embolism.

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What are examples of arrhythmias causing cardiac syncope?

Bradycardias, tachycardias.

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What are examples of structural issues causing cardiac syncope?

Valvular problems, myocardial infarction, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

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What other cause of syncope falls under cardiac syncope?

Pulmonary embolism.

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What is the most common cause of syncope in all age groups?

Reflex syncope.

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What causes become more common in older patients regarding syncope?

Orthostatic and cardiac causes.

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What diagnostic criteria are used for postural blood pressure readings?

Symptomatic fall in systolic BP > 20 mmHg or diastolic BP > 10 mmHg or decrease in systolic BP < 90 mmHg.

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What tests are recommended for all patients with syncope?

ECG.

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What further investigations are not required for patients with typical features, no postural drop, and a normal ECG?

Other tests.

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